GeoIP:
This tool allows you to check the visitors ip adres and make an estimated guess as to where he/she is from. Maxmind offers a free and a licensed version for GeoIP Country and GeoIP City.
I tried out the free version and it gave me:

• country code
• city
• Postal code
• latitude – longitude

Device

Handsetdetection.com has a big list of hardware it can detect. Even Kindle 2 is included.

PHP

With php you have a few tools to analyse your visitors. Just like GeoIP, you cannot be 100% sure. Some of the data that gets send to the server can be manipulated. Here are some of the things that I use.

$_SERVER referer. What is the page that the visitor was on before he came to the current.
get_browser A php function that uses an ini file to detect browserinfo.

CSS, HTML and Javascript

• css history: a css-javascript trick to check visited sites from a list. This is a very old bug but noone seems to be fixing it. Spajax is a good example of this. [Blackhat]
• conditional comments Test if a visitor uses Internet Explorer, Microsoft office [*]
• estimate gender: build ontop of the css history hack. Script to guess visitors gender.
• socialhistory: uses the css history hack to track your bookmark sites.
• privacy leaks
  
• Amazon wishlist
• detect private browsing
• clickjacking [this is pure evil and should not be used in marketing, yuk]

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